← workshop ← workbench

The First Integral

no explicit x ⇒ one conserved quantity
checking…

Three curves the workshop already built — one law.

The hanging chain, the fastest slide, and the minimal soap film are each an extremal of an integral ∫f(y,y′)dx whose integrand carries no explicit x. By the Beltrami identity — the energy theorem of the calculus of variations — every such extremal conserves the same quantity all the way along its arc.

H = f − y′·(∂f/∂y′) = const

Below: each piece’s own shipped curve, fed into its own Beltrami integrand. The strip under each curve plots H along the arc — it renders dead flat for the true curve. Toggle the impostor and the strip wavers: the law only conserves the genuine extremal.

The Beltrami identity is the 1‑D case of Noether’s theorem: a Lagrangian with no explicit “time” (here, x) conserves an “energy” (here, H). That the same integrand y·√(1+y′²) minimises a chain’s energy and a soap film’s area is why both are a cosh — one law, two physics. Everything here is exact closed form; the self‑test proves H flat to machine precision and rejects the impostor.
← The Catenary ← The Brachistochrone ← The Soap Film